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Sample Size
Class Version

3-hour interactive presentation. 8 lessons include and continue the Meeting version. Subsequent lessons teach additional methods for estimating sample size with and without pilot data, targeting p-values or other criteria. Participants learn how to evaluate external resources before applying them, then finally consider the role of communication about sample size as a key determinant of certainty in scientific interpretation. Teach one week of class, or run an intensive workshop.

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Sample Size

References:

Sample Size

Albers, C. (2019). The problem with unadjusted multiple and sequential statistical testing. Nature Communications, 10(1), 1921. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09941-0

Bazerman, M. H., & Samuelson, W. F. (1983). I won the auction but don’t want the prize. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 27(4), 618–634.

Button, K. S., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Mokrysz, C., Nosek, B. A., Flint, J., Robinson, E. S. J., & Munafò, M. R. (2013). Power failure: Why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(5), 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3475

Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier Science & Technology. https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.library.upenn.edu/lib/upenn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1882849

Danziger, M., Collazo, A., Dirnagl, U., & Toelch, U. (2022). Balancing sensitivity and specificity in preclinical research (p. 2022.01.17.476585). bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.17.476585

Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1994). An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Chapman and Hall/CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429246593

Hesterberg, T. C. (2015). What Teachers Should Know About the Bootstrap: Resampling in the Undergraduate Statistics Curriculum. The American Statistician, 69(4), 371–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2015.1089789

Hoenig, J. M., & Heisey, D. M. (2001). The Abuse of Power: The Pervasive Fallacy of Power Calculations for Data Analysis. The American Statistician, 55(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1198/000313001300339897

Johnson, P. C. D., Barry, S. J. E., Ferguson, H. M., & Müller, P. (2015). Power analysis for generalized linear mixed models in ecology and evolution. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6(2), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12306

Krzywinski, M., & Altman, N. (2013). Power and sample size. Nature Methods, 10(12), 1139–1140. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2738

Lazic, S. E. (2022). Genuine replication and pseudoreplication. Nature Reviews Methods Primers, 2(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-022-00114-w

Lazic, S. E., Clarke-Williams, C. J., & Munafò, M. R. (2018). What exactly is ‘N’ in cell culture and animal experiments? PLOS Biology, 16(4), e2005282. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005282

Reinagel, P. (2023). Is N-Hacking Ever OK? The consequences of collecting more data in pursuit of statistical significance. PLOS Biology, 21(11), e3002345. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002345

Savitz, D. A., Wise, L. A., Bond, J. C., Hatch, E. E., Ncube, C. N., Wesselink, A. K., Willis, M. D., Yland, J. J., & Rothman, K. J. (2024). Responding to Reviewers and Editors About Statistical Significance Testing. Annals of Internal Medicine, 177(3), 385–386. https://doi.org/10.7326/M23-2430

Sert, N. P. du, Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Hurst, V., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., … Würbel, H. (2020). Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000411. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000411

Walters, S. J. (2004). Sample size and power estimation for studies with health related quality of life outcomes: A comparison of four methods using the SF-36. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 2, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-2-26

Sample Size

Instructor guide:

Sample Size

Overview and Introduction